ABSTRACT The mechanized management systems used in Brazilian coffee plantations generate heavy machine traffic and lead to the application of loads on the soil that affect the soil structure and lead to widespread compaction. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of mechanized operations on coffee plantations with different deployment times on the soil structural quality of an Ultisol, based on its soil physical properties and soil load-bearing capacity. The experiment was carried out in Muzambinho, São Paulo State, Southeast Brazil, in coffee plantations (Coffee arabica L.) with 3, 16, and 32 years of service. In each area, corresponding to the coffee plantation’s establishment period, soil samples were collected in the planting row (R), under the coffee canopy (UCC), and inter-row center (IRC) at the layers of 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.40 m to evaluate soil penetration resistance, bulk density, porosity, wet aggregate stability, and preconsolidation pressure, to model soil load-bearing capacity. The deployment time of the coffee crop was a decisive factor in reducing the deterioration of the soil structure in the row, which was confirmed by better structural quality in the plantations with 16 and 32 years of establishment. Irrespective of crop deployment time, the effects of intensive machinery traffic on the coffee crop in the middle between the rows and in the area under the canopy are similar, resulting in high soil compaction, reflected in soil penetration resistance, soil bulk density, macroporosity, and load-bearing capacity. The longer the deployment time of the coffee cultivation areas (32 and 16 years), the higher the stability of the soil aggregates, and the larger the mean aggregate size.

The plant response referring to traditional techniques of soil management has limited the productivity of some crops. Allow the plant has a most conducive to its development without affecting the environment, has driven new technology in rural areas. With the deep tillage, the root system of the plants increases due to better aeration and reduced penetration resistance, facilitating the search for water and nutrients, helping in their development and ultimately providing greater productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological development two areas of growing cane sugar one being managed with deep bed tillage equipment and other by conventional tillage methods. The experiment was conducted in Lençois Paulista, São Paulo the Company PHD Zilor belonging to the group. The variables analyzed were the tiller of the soil, the stem diameter, height of cane sugar and its productivity. The tillering showed higher values for the Preparation Deep Bed compared to conventional preparation at 120 days after planting of cane sugar and after cutting, and plant height only showed higher values for the Preparation Deep Bed to 390 days after planting of sugar cane. A cycle (or cut) was not enough to print difference in productivity of cane sugar by analyzed treatments (Deep Bed Tillage and Conventional Tillage).

Las técnicas tradicionales de preparación de suelo han limitado la productividad de algunos cultivos. Facilitar el desarrollo de la planta mejorando mejorando las condiciones agrícolas, sin que ello afecte al ambiente, ha motivado la creación de nuevas tecnologías de producción en zonas rurales. Una de las tecnologías probadas es la preparación profunda de suelo, que promueve el desarrollo del sistema radicular de las plantas debido a una mejor aireación y baja compactación, lo que facilita la absorción de agua y nutrientes, ayudando a su desarrollo y favoreciendo una mayor productividad. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar el desarrollo morfológico de la planta en dos localidades de producción de cultivo de caña de azúcar, una de ellas manejada con maquinaria de preparación profunda de suelo en canteros y la otra, por los métodos de preparación convencional. El experimento fue realizado en Lençóis Paulista, São Paulo, en la empresa PHD, perteneciente al Grupo Zilor. Las variables analizadas fueron: macollamiento, diámetro del tallo, altura de planta, y su productividad. El macollamiento presentó mayores valores en la Preparación Profunda de Suelo en Canteros (PPC) en comparación con la Preparación Convencional (PC) a los 120 días de la siembra de caña de azúcar y después del corte y la altura de la planta únicamente presentó mayores valores para el PPC a los 390 días después de la siembra de caña de azúcar. Un ciclo (o corte) no fue suficiente para mostrar una diferencia significativa en la productividad de caña de azúcar entre los tratamientos analizados (Preparación Profunda de Suelo en Canteros y Preparación Convencional).

RESUMO Um preparo de solo que seja capaz de manter a produtividade dos canaviais, proporcionado a cultura área de desenvolvimento radicular e sem tráfego em cima da cana-de-açúcar, tem impulsionado novas tecnologias no meio rural. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o comportamento dos atributos físicos do solo em duas áreas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar sendo uma delas manejada com equipamento de preparo profundo canteirizado e a outra, pelo método de preparo convencional. O experimento foi realizado em Lençóis Paulista, São Paulo. Os atributos analisados do solo foram a resistência à penetração e a densidade relativa. O Índice de Cone do Solo (ICS) apresentou valores menores no Preparo Profundo Canteirizado sem tráfego (PPC sem tráfego) para todas as camadas em comparação ao Preparo Profundo Canteirizado com tráfego (PPC com tráfego) e ao Preparo Convencional (PC). Para ambos os tratamentos, a Densidade Relativa do Solo (DRS) apresentou valores aceitáveis para a camada de 0,00-0,15 m; nas camadas de 0,15-0,30 e 0,30-0,45 m, foi considerada prejudicial ao desenvolvimento da cultura.

ABSTRACT Soil tillage that maintains the productivity of sugarcane plantations, providing an area for the root development and without traffic on crop rows, has given rise to new technologies in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soil physical properties in two sugarcane plantations, one of which was prepared with deep tilling and the other with conventional tillage. The experiment was conducted in Lençóis Paulista, São Paulo State. Soil penetration resistance and relative density were analyzed. The cone index was lower in deep-tilled soil without traffic in all layers, than in deep-tilled soil with traffic and in conventional tillage. In both tillage treatments, the relative density values were acceptable in the 0.00-0.15 m soil layer, but considered detrimental for sugarcane development in the 0.15-0.30 and 0.30-0.45 m layers.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a capacidade de suporte de carga (CSC) de Latossolo Vermelho e, por meio de modelos de compressibilidade, relacioná-la às interações rodado-solo em sistema de manejo com um e três ciclos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, com colheita mecanizada. As avaliações da CSC foram realizadas em amostras de solo indeformadas, coletadas na linha de plantio e no canteiro, em quatro camadas: 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20, 0,20-0,30 e 0,30-0,40 m. Determinou-se a área de contato dos rodados com o solo, para a estimativa da pressão exercida pelas máquinas agrícolas no solo. As pressões de preconsolidação foram usadas para determinar a CSC. O sistema com três ciclos apresentou maior CSC do que o sistema com apenas um ciclo. A capacidade de suporte de carga do solo avaliado na faixa de friabilidade é maior que as pressões de contato aplicadas ao solo pelos rodados das máquinas agrícolas estudadas.

The objective of this work was to determine the load support capacity (LSC) of an Oxisol and, through compressibility models, relate it to wheel-soil interactions under management systems with one and three sugarcane crop cycles, with mechanized harvest. LSC evaluations were carried out on undisturbed soil samples, collected at planting row and bed, in four layers: 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.30-0.40 m. The contact area between wheels and soil was determined in order to estimate the contact pressure by agricultural machinery on the soil. Pre-consolidation pressures were used to determine LSC. The system with three cycles showed higher LSC than the system with only one cycle. The load support capacity of the soil evaluated in the range of friability is greater than the contact pressures applied to the soil by the wheels of the studied agricultural machines.